Tuesday, April 24, 2012



EDUC-8845-2 Learning Theory and Educational Technology

Module 4 -D.Miller


Connectivism Mindmap



How has your network changed the way you learn?
As a 21st century learner, it has become necessary to remain engaged via the use of new technologies and to strive to adapt to innovative and diffused key skills and attributes for future challenges. One must be ready to adapt to 21st century learning environment such as web-based curriculum, e-learning software, synchronous and asynchronous environments and strategies towards learning technologies the way we live with technologies. As an educational technologist scholar, I embracing the new technologies and skills that other instructors and students are experiencing outside of school.
Which digital tools best facilitate learning for you?

Because technology is a tool that can be used to help teachers facilitate learning experiences that address the diverse learning needs of all students and help them develop solid 21st century skill-sets, even the most basic level digital tools can be used to help a doctoral student of educational technology find, understand and use information. When combined with student-driven learning experiences and fueled by digital tools such as Moodle, Prezi, slideshare, Glogster EDU, Google Reader, powerpoint, Wikispaces, Voicethread, audacity and many other digital tools for learning. These technologies offer flexible learning paths and can guide the learner towards: analyzing data, texts, interactive works, generating ideas, building and sharing collections, collaborating, communicating, conducting linguistic research and managing tasks.

How do you learn new knowledge when you have questions?

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To become a more effective learner I strive to simply keep learing. An example would be to practice learning and using a foreign language. The adage of "use-it-or-lose-it" phenomenon involves a brain process known as "pruning." Certain pathways in the brain are maintained, while other are eliminated. If you want the new information you just learned to stay put, keep practicing and rehearsing it.

I also attempt to focus on learning in more than one way. Instead of just listening to a podcast, which involves auditory learning, I find a way to rehearse the information both verbally and visually. By learning in more than one way, you’re further cementing the knowledge in your mind. As a secondary and post-secondary instructor, I often teach what I have learned to students. Educators have long noted that one of the best ways to learn something is to teach it to someone else. Another great way to become a more effective learner is to use relational learning, which involves relating new information to things that you already know. For example, if you are learning about Romeo and Juliet, you might associate what you learn about the play with prior knowledge you have about Shakespeare, the historical period in which the author lived and other relevant information. For many of us, learning typically involves reading textbooks, attending lectures or doing research in the library or on the Web. While seeing information and then writing it down is important, actually putting new knowledge and skills into practice can be one of the best ways to improve learning.

            Of course, learning isn’t a perfect process. Sometimes, I forget the details of things that I have already learned. Research suggests that you are better offer simply looking up the correct answer if unsure or have forgotten information. I have discovered that the longer I spend trying to remember the answer, the more likely I will be to forget the answer again in the future. Why? Because these attempts to recall previously learned information actually results in learning the "error state" instead of the correct response. It is also beneficial for me to recognize my learning habits and styles.
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Monday, April 16, 2012

Module 3: Collaboration and Constructivism

Collaboration and Constructivism


Do you believe that humans have a basic instinct to “interact and work as a group,” as Rheingold proposed in his discussion of the evolution of Wikipedia as a collectively developed encyclopedia?

I think that it is quite important to recognize that, historically, changes occurred in human psychology that enabled larger and more cooperative societies to form and become collectively dependant upon each other. Based upon the shear magnitude and complexity of the changes, these constructed and collaborative groups were most likely the product of natural selection. While opportunities for cooperation are omnipresent in social and educational settings, we have evolved to the point of exchange and division of labor in order to increase the efficiency of productive processes for all the reasons cited in 1776 by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. It can be stated that cooperation benefits groups and that group benefits are very often irrelevant to the path of which organic evolution has occurred. Interestingly, natural selection often favors traits that increase the reproductive success of individuals, or sometimes individual genes, and when there is a conflict between what is good for the individual and what is good for the group, selection usually leads to the evolution of the trait that benefits the individual.

How can technology facilitate collaboration among learners based on constructivist principles?
The view of technology as cognitive tools is also shared by other researchers (e.g., Jonassen, 1994; Jonassen & Reeves, 1996; Lajoie, 2000). Jonassen (2002) cited the traditional view of instructional technologies of instruction as “conveyors of information and communicators of knowledge are supplanted with active role the learner plays in learning with technology”, (pg. 2.)  This author suggested that some technologies such as computers help to build knowledge bases affording opportunities to engage the learners more and this activity can provide more meaningful and transferable knowledge.  “Learners function as designers using the technology as tools for analyzing the world, accessing information, interpreting and organizing their personal knowledge, and representing what they know to others” (Jonassen, 1994, p. 2). In the eyes of constructivists, encouragement towards successful bouts of reflective thinking requires careful deliberation. The self-monitoring and self-control of the learning process (metacognition) is typically emphasized. In order to modify the process, new knowledge, composed of additions to previous representations, is created.  Scaffolding may assist this process via the use of people, books, or technologies. Swain and Pearson (2001) advocated the practice of reflective thinking by teachers to evaluate their technology use. They stressed the importance of documentation of reflective thoughts to determine the extent and quality of personal versus instructional uses of technology, organization and implementation of environments and activities. Jonassen (1994) describes technological tools as “intellectual partners” and “powerful catalysts” in the process of learning, “scaffolding the all-important processes of articulation and reflection, which are the foundations of knowledge construction” (p. 5).

Find a current research study that has been conducted in the last 5 years that supports collaboration as an effective tool for learning. Include the link and reference for this study in your blog.



Volume 22, Number 1, 89-102, DOI: 10.1007/s10648-009-9116-9

Using Intelligent Tutor Technology to Implement Adaptive Support for Student Collaboration

Abstract

Research on computer-supported collaborative learning has shown that students need support to benefit from collaborative activities. While classical collaboration scripts have been effective in providing such support, they have also been criticized for being coercive and not allowing students to self-regulate their learning. Adaptive collaboration support, which would provide students with assistance when and where they need it, is a possible solution. However, due to limitations of natural language processing, the development of adaptive support based on an analysis of student dialogue is difficult. To facilitate the implementation of adaptive collaboration support, we propose to leverage existing intelligent tutoring technology to provide support based on student problem-solving actions. The present paper gives two examples that demonstrate this approach and reports first experiences from the implementation of the systems in real classrooms. We conclude the paper with a discussion of possible future developments in adaptive collaboration support.

 References

Jonassen, D. H. (n.d.). Technology as cognitive tools: Learners as designers. Retrieved 10/31/02, 2002, from http://itech1.coe.uga.edu/itforum/paper1/paper1.html

Smith, A., 1976, The Wealth of Nations edited by R.H. Campbell and A.S. Skinner, The Glasgow             edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, vol. 2a, p. 10.

Swain, C and Pearson, T. (2001). Bridging the digital divide: a building block for teachers. Learning & Leading with Technology Copyright © 2001, ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education), 800.336.5191 (U.S. & Canada) or 541.302.2777 (Int'l),iste@iste.org, www.iste.org. All rights reserved.
Blog community team
Reaid http://suzannereaidsscholarsblog.blogspot.com
Davis http://edtechlearningtheory8845-2.blogspot.com/
Carol Deuling-Ravell  http://decdr.blogspot.com
Miller http://davidjmilleralf.blogspot.com/






Tuesday, March 27, 2012

Cognitivism as a Learning Theory

D Miller blog response:  
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After decades of educational research, we know that discussion offers unique benefits for certain types of learning. In effective constructivist discussion, the topic and the flow of the class emerge from teacher and student together; it is unpredictable where it will go. Social constructivists have found that the unpredictability of multiple competing voices is what makes discussion a uniquely effective teaching tool. But this is also what makes it so stressful for teachers, because the natural response to classroom   anxiety is to impose even more structure on the class. Studies of everyday conversation have revealed that ambiguity is a source of anxiety, and participants act to reduce it as soon as possible. Speakers generally want to define an interaction as quickly as possible, narrowing the range of possible outcomes, and they often use ritual sequences to do so.
 The Problem with Individual Creativity
In classrooms that do not use much discussion and that are not based on constructivist principles, the teacher usually does most of the talking. As an example, in a staged improvisation, if one actor did most of the talking, that would defeat the purpose of the improvisation—a new scene is supposed to emerge unexpected from the collaborative dialog among the actors. Consequently, actors have several pejorative terms to refer to scenes when one actor talks too much. Teachers may also metacommunicate to summarize and make explicit key points that emerge from the discussion. Students do not yet have the expertise to recognize which emerging themes are critical and which are of only passing interest. Teachers must be highly attentive at every moment of the discussion, playing the essential role of noting each collective construction that emerges from the group discussion. Teachers have the difficult task of determining when an emergent insight should be explicitly noted: should the teacher call attention to it immediately, so as to provide material for the ongoing discussion? Or should the teacher make a note of it and then call attention to it at the end of the discussion period, so as to allow the discussion to continue on its natural path? The study of staged improvisations suggests that if the teacher metacommunicates too often, or uses strategies that are too powerful, the effectiveness of the discussion as a social constructivist learning environment is compromised.
Blog community team
Reaid
Davis


Carol Deuling-Ravell
http://decdr.blogspot.com



Kerr, B. (2007, January 1). _isms as filter, not blinker [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://billkerr2.blogspot.com/2007/01/isms-as-filter-not-blinker.html
Kapp, K. (2007, January 2). Out and about: Discussion on educational schools of thought [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.kaplaneduneering.com/kappnotes/index.php/2007/01/out-and-about-discussion-on-educational/

Monday, March 12, 2012

Module 1 Blog Topic Assignment - David J.Miller

Siemens's Metaphors of Educators
Critique Siemens’s “metaphors of educators.” Which of these metaphors best describes the role you believe an instructor should take in a digital classroom or workplace? Is there a better metaphor to reflect your view of the role of instructors?

Siemens (2008) notes that access to information is steadily increasing as learners choose to embrace technology. The role of the educator and learner is evolving as both are faced to adapt to these changes. Siemens (2008), offers four models or “metaphors of educators” which distinctly express the role of the educator and learner to address these changes.

John Seely Brown (2006) describes learning as “enculturation into a practice.” The most relevant attribute of this model is that student learning is not limited to the expertise of the instructor.

All of the students can learn from each other and their participation and sharing with other class members is imperative for its success. The educator is considered the “master artist” (Siemens, 2008), while the students are developing artists who can create their own original and innovative pieces. In my opinion, this model would work best with content that encourages divergent thought. 

For example, I might see this theory work best in an English class or an Art class where the learner is invited to gather information and then present an independent project that demonstrates the learning content in an individual way. In a subjective class, such as math or science, the demonstration of mathematical or scientific concepts might not lend itself as well to this model.

Clarence Fisher (n.d.), emphasizes the use of learning networks and building connections to assist students in satisfying objectives for a particular course of study (Siemens, 2008). Instructors would give the students the responsibility to find and make connections, and then evaluate them to be sure there is quality interactions and conceptual understanding. In this technological changing learning environment, students can research, seek and sort out their own information and strive to make connections among their findings. I think this model lends itself to many disciplines. Regardless of the topic, information is readily available, but must be sifted through to determine its reliability and relevance. 

This video best illustrates this concept
and can be linked here: http://youtu.be/XwM4ieFOotA

An entry on Stephen Downe’s (2007) blog posted his opinion on the meaning of connectivism.

http://halfanhour.blogspot.com/2007/02/what-connectivism-is.html

In this post, he describes the pedagogy of connectivism as a model that seeks to access networks which are characterized as diverse, autonomous, open and connected (2007).

The third model, presented by Curtis Bank (2007), speaks about the educator as the concierge or the person who points the learner into the right direction. Too often, students can get lost or distracted in the quest for knowledge and may need assistance in sorting through what should be the focus. This model includes time for teacher led instruction and student led discoveries. It may be the balance that students need to help guide them.

The fourth model, educator as a curator, presented by Siemens (2008), suggests that educators must have a dual role of experts and guides. The expert must be competent in his field and be able to guide the learner independently to discover and explore their learning. This model makes the most sense to me as an educator. Too often students find discovery and exploration overwhelming and difficult. Instructors should be prepared and patient to anticipate students needs yet direct those who request assistance.

Which of these metaphors best describes the role you believe an instructor should take in a digital classroom or workplace?

The metaphor that best describes the role an instructor should take into the digital classroom is the educator as the curator. In my opinion, the students in today’s society desire to be in the presence of educated and expert people who can assist them and coach them to make effective use of the changing technological opportunities.


References:


Downes, S. (2007, February). Half and Hour. What Connectivism is?
Retrieved from
http://halfanhour.blogspot.com/2007/02/what-connectivism-is.html

Siemens, G. (2008, January 27). Learning and knowing in networks: Changing roles
for educators and designers. Paper Presented to ITFORUM. Retrieved from
http://it.coe.uga.edu/itforum/Paper105/Siemens.pdf